Important facts
There are approximately 1 billion seasonal flu cases each year, including 30-5 million cases of severe illness. This causes 290,000 to 650,000 respiratory deaths each year. The 99% death rate among children under the age of 5 is influenza-related lower bronchial infections in developing countries.
overview
Seasonal influenza (influenza) is an acute respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus. It is common in all parts of the world. Most people recover without treatment.
The flu can easily spread among people when you cough or sneeze. Vaccination is the best way to prevent illness.
Symptoms of influenza include fever, cough, sore throat, body pain and acute onset of fatigue.
Treatment should aim to alleviate symptoms. People with the flu should rest and drink plenty of liquids. Most people recover themselves within a week. Medical care may be required for severe cases and those with risk factors.
There are four types of influenza virus. A, B, C, and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal disease outbreaks.
Influenza A viruses are further divided into subtypes according to the combination of proteins on the surface of the virus. Currently, the circulating in humans are subtype A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) influenza viruses. A(H1N1) is also described as A(H1N1)PDM09 because it caused the pandemic in 2009 and caused the previous A(H1N1) virus that was circulating before 2009. It is known that only virus A caused the pandemic. The B-influenza virus belongs to either B/Yamagata or B/Victoria Lineage. The InfluenzaC virus is not detected frequently and usually causes mild infection. Therefore, there is no importance of public health.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of influenza usually begin about two days after infecting someone with the virus.
Symptoms include:
A sudden onset of the tropical (usually dry) head and pain in the throat due to joint pain (unwelling).
Cough can be severe and can last for more than two weeks.
Most people recover from fever and other symptoms within a week without requiring medical attention. However, influenza can cause severe illness and death, especially in people at high risk.
The flu can worsen symptoms of other chronic diseases. In severe cases, influenza can lead to pneumonia and sepsis. People with other medical problems or with severe symptoms should seek medical care.
Hospitalizations and deaths due to flu occur primarily among high-risk groups.
In developed countries, most influenza-related deaths occur among people over the age of 65 (1).
The effects of the seasonal influenza epidemic in developing countries are not fully known, but studies estimate that 99% of deaths in children under five years of age of influenza-related lower respiratory tract infections are found in developing countries (2).
Epidemiology
All age groups can be affected, but some groups are at higher risk than others.
Increased exposure to people at high risk for severe disease or complications if infected, children under the age of 5, elderly people, chronic medical conditions, chronic, lung, kidney, neurodevelopment, liver or hematological diseases, and individuals who have undergone immune saxling status/treated (such as HIV, hiv as highs and hidemeds and high) will further spread to patients, particularly vulnerable individuals. Vaccinations can protect healthcare workers and the people around them.
The epidemic can result in high levels of work/school absenteeism and loss of productivity. Clinics and hospitals can be overwhelmed during peak illness.
Contagion; Infection
Seasonal flu can easily spread and rapidly communicate in crowded areas such as schools and nursing homes. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, droplets containing the virus (infectious droplets) can be dispersed in the air, causing them to infect people nearby. This virus can also be spread by hand contaminated with influenza virus. To prevent transmission, people should cover their mouths and noses with tissues when coughing, and wash their hands regularly.
In temperate climates, seasonal outbreaks occur primarily in winter, but in tropical regions, flu can occur year-round, making them more irregular.
The time from infection to illness, known as the incubation period, is approximately 2 days, but ranges from 1 to 4 days.
diagnosis
Most cases of human influenza have been diagnosed clinically. However, during periods of low influenza activity or outside of epidemic situations, infection with other respiratory viruses (SARS-COV-2, rain virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, adenovirus) can also be present as influenza-like disease (ILI).
Establishing the final diagnosis requires the collection of appropriate breathing samples and application of laboratory diagnostic tests. Proper collection, storage and transport of respiratory specimens is an essential first step for laboratory detection of influenza virus infections. Laboratory verification is generally performed using direct antigen detection, virus isolation, or detection of influenza-specific RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Various guidance on laboratory technology has been published and updated by the WHO.
Rapid diagnostic testing is used in clinical settings, but is less sensitive than RT-PCR methods, and its reliability is highly dependent on the conditions used.
process
Most people recover from the flu themselves. People with severe symptoms or other medical conditions should seek medical care.
People with mild symptoms should:
If your symptoms worsen, stay at home to avoid infecting other peoplerestdrinks with many other liquid street symptoms.
High-risk people or those with severe symptoms should be treated with antiviral medications as soon as possible. They include:
Middle-aged pregnant under 59 months is 65 years or older and accepts other chronic diseases that receive immune system-suppressed chemotherapy due to HIV or other conditions.
The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) monitors the antiviral resistance of circulating influenza viruses and provides timely evidence of national policies related to antiviral use.
Prevention
Vaccination is the best way to prevent the flu.
A safe and effective vaccine has been in use for over 60 years. As immunity from vaccination disappears over time, annual vaccination is recommended to protect against the flu.
Vaccines may not be very effective in older people, but they reduce the severity of the disease and reduce the likelihood of complications and death.
Vaccination is particularly important for people at high risk for influenza complications and their caregivers.
Annual vaccinations are recommended:
Children of pregnant women over 65 years old and older, over 65 years old have chronic medical conditions Shells workers.
Other ways to prevent the flu:
Wash and dry your mouth and nose regularly when you are coughing or sneezing.
vaccine
Vaccines are routinely updated with new vaccines that have been developed that contain circulating viruses. Several inactivated and recombinant influenza vaccines are available in injectable forms. Attenuated influenza vaccines can be used as nasal sprays.
Who will respond
Through the global influenza programme and GISR, those who continue to monitor influenza viruses and global activity in continuous monitoring are recommending seasonal influenza vaccine composition twice a year during the Northern Hemisphere influenza season, thus referring to the tropical and subtropical populations. Develop prevention and control strategies.
It works to strengthen national, regional and global influenza response capabilities such as diagnosis, antiviral susceptibility monitoring, disease surveillance and outbreak response, increasing vaccine coverage among high-risk groups and supporting research and development of new therapies and other measures.
1. Estimates of US flu-related deaths made using four different methods.
Influenza and other Respi viruses, including Thompson WW, Weintraub E, Dhankhar P, Cheng Oy, Brammer L, Meltzer MI. 2009; 3:37-49
2. Global burden of respiratory infections caused by seasonal influenza in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Nair H, Abdullah Brooks W, Katz M et al. Lancet 2011; 378:1917–3
