important facts
The number of people living with diabetes has increased from 200 million in 1990 to 830 million in 2022. Prevalence is increasing more rapidly in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. More than half of people living with diabetes did not have diabetes. In 2022, more people will be taking diabetes medication. Diabetes treatment coverage is lowest in low- and middle-income countries. Diabetes can cause blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes, and lower limb amputations. In 2021, there will be an excess number of diabetes and diabetic kidney diseases. 2 million dead. Additionally, approximately 11% of cardiovascular deaths were due to hyperglycemia. Eating a healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal weight, and avoiding smoking are ways to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is treatable. Its effects can be avoided or delayed through diet, physical activity, medication, regular screening and treatment of complications.
overview
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Hyperglycemia, also known as elevated blood sugar levels or elevated blood sugar levels, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes that over time can lead to severe damage to many systems in the body, especially nerves and blood vessels. Masu.
In 2022, 14% of adults 18 and older will have diabetes, up from 7% in 1990. More than half (59%) of adults aged 30 and older living with diabetes were not taking their diabetes medication in 2022. 2022. The prevalence of diabetes treatment was lowest in low-income and middle-income countries.
In 2021, diabetes was directly responsible for 1.6 million deaths, and 47% of all diabetes deaths occurred in people under 70 years of age. An additional 530,000 kidney disease deaths are due to diabetes, and approximately 11% of cardiovascular deaths are due to hyperglycemia (1).
Since 2000, mortality rates from diabetes have increased. In contrast, the odds of dying from any of the four major non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, or diabetes) between the ages of 30 and 70 increased from 2000 to 2019. During that time, it decreased by 20% worldwide.
symptoms
Symptoms of diabetes may appear suddenly. With type 2 diabetes, symptoms may be mild and may take years to be noticed.
Symptoms of diabetes include:
Feeling very thirsty, needing to urinate more often than usual, blurred vision, feeling tired, unintentional weight loss
Over time, diabetes can damage blood vessels in the heart, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.
People with diabetes are at higher risk for health problems such as heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure.
Diabetes can cause permanent vision loss by damaging blood vessels in the eye.
Many people with diabetes have problems with their feet due to nerve damage or poor blood flow. This can cause foot ulcers and lead to amputation.
type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (formerly known as insulin-dependent, juvenile, or childhood-onset) is characterized by a deficiency in insulin production and requires daily doses of insulin. In 2017, 9 million people had type 1 diabetes. The majority of them live in high-income countries. The cause and prevention methods are unknown.
type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes affects how the body uses sugar (glucose) for energy. Your body can’t use insulin properly, which can lead to high blood sugar levels if untreated.
Over time, type 2 diabetes can cause severe damage to the body, especially the nerves and blood vessels.
Type 2 diabetes is often preventable. Factors that contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics.
Early diagnosis is key to preventing the worst effects of type 2 diabetes. The best way to detect diabetes early is to have regular checkups and blood tests with your health care provider.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may be mild. It may take several years before you notice it. Symptoms can be similar to those of type 1 diabetes, but are often less pronounced. As a result, complications have already developed, and the disease is sometimes diagnosed several years after its onset.
More than 95% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes. Until recently, this type of diabetes was only seen in adults, but now it frequently occurs in children as well.
gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is hyperglycemia in which blood sugar levels are higher than normal but below the level that would be diagnosed as diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
Women with gestational diabetes are at increased risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth. These women, and perhaps their children, are also at increased risk for type 2 diabetes later in life.
Gestational diabetes is diagnosed through prenatal screening, not through reported symptoms.
Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are intermediate states in the transition between normality and diabetes. People with IGT or IFG are at increased risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes, but this is not inevitable.
prevention
Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
To prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, you should:
Achieve and maintain a healthy weight Stay physically active with at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week Eat a healthy diet and avoid sugar and saturated fat Don’t smoke cigarettes.
diagnosis and treatment
Early diagnosis can be made by blood sugar testing, which is relatively inexpensive. Type 1 diabetics require insulin injections to survive.
One of the most important ways to treat diabetes is to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Some people with type 2 diabetes need to take medications to manage their blood sugar levels. These may include insulin injections and other medications. Examples include:
Metformin sulfonylurea sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor.
In addition to drugs to lower blood sugar, people with diabetes often need drugs to lower blood pressure and statins to reduce the risk of complications.
Additional medical care may be required to treat the effects of diabetes.
Foot care to treat ulcers Kidney disease screening and treatment Eye exams to screen for retinopathy (which can cause blindness).
WHO response
WHO aims to promote and support the adoption of effective measures to monitor, prevent and manage diabetes and its complications, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To this end, WHO will:
Diabetes World provides scientific guidelines for the prevention of major non-communicable diseases, including diabetes, develops norms and standards for diabetes diagnosis and care, and commemorates World Diabetes Day (14 November). Raise awareness of the epidemic. Perform monitoring for diabetes and its risk factors.
In April 2021, WHO launched the Global Diabetes Compact. It is a global effort to make lasting improvements in diabetes prevention and care, with a particular focus on supporting low- and middle-income countries.
In May 2021, the World Health Assembly agreed to a resolution on strengthening diabetes prevention and management. In May 2022, the World Health Assembly approved five global diabetes coverage targets to be achieved by 2030.
To learn more about the Global Diabetes Compact and access diabetes-related technical publications to join future efforts, visit the Global Diabetes Compact webpage.
References
1. Global Burden of Disease Collaboration Network. Global Burden of Disease Survey 2021. result. Health Metrics Evaluation Institute. 2024 (https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/).
