(1) UN women’s calculations based on information provided by a permanent mission to the United Nations; Countries with a monarchy-based system are excluded from heads of state.
(2) UN women’s calculations.
(3) UN women’s calculations based on information provided by a permanent mission to the United Nations. The six leaders hold both head of state and head of government. Countries with a monarchy-based system are excluded from heads of state.
(4) Inter-Parliamentary Union and UN Women, Women in Politics: 2025.
(5) Same as above.
(6) Same as above.
(7) Inter-Parliamentary Union. As of January 1, 2025, she was a woman from the National Congress.
(8) Same as above.
(9) Ibid.
(10) Same as above.
(11) UN Women’s calculations.
(12) Inter-Parliamentary Union. As of January 1, 2025, she was a woman from the National Congress.
(13) United Nations women, local government women. Data as of January 1, 2024.
(14) Ibid.
(15) United Nations (1995). Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Critical Area G, “Women, Power, Decision Making.”
(16) United Nations Economic and Social Council (2021). Full and effective participation and decision-making of women in public life, as well as the elimination of violence to achieve gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls: Secretary-General’s Report (E/CN.6/2021/3).
(17) R. Chattopadhyay and E. Duflo (2004). “Women as policymakers: Evidence from India’s randomised policy experiments,” Econometrica 72(5), pp. 1409–1443; Ka Bratton and LP Ray. 2002. “Descriptive Expressions: Norwegian Policy Outcomes and City Daycare Coverage,” American Journal of Political Science, 46(2), pp. 428–437.
(18) Inter-Parliamentary Union (2008). Political Equality: A Study of Men and Women in Congress.
(Page updated on March 11, 2025.)
